Proposition bets are wagers on specific occurrences in a game that are not directly linked to its outcome. For example, how many points a player will score in team sports, the first team or player to score a point in a game, etcetera 

India’s caste system is a social hierarchy that historically divided people into groups based on occupation and family background. The system consists of four main categories (varnas): Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and farmers), and Shudras (laborers). Communities who were socially excluded from this hierarchy were known as Dalits (untouchables) who were assigned jobs that were considering “polluting” or “impure” (e.g. scavenging, waste disposal and leatherworking).

The Indian government has provided affirmative action since 1921, known as caste-based reservation, through reserved seats in education, jobs, and politics in three tiers: Scheduled Castes (untouchables), Scheduled Tribes (indigenous people), and OBCs (economically disadvantaged people with little upward mobility).

"The Kerala Model"" refers to a model that prioritises human development through decentralised governance, taking a people-centered approach to policy making. This looks like:

1. heavy state investment in education, healthcare, social security and gender equality

2. measuring state success in life expectancy, literacy rates, infant mortality and healthcare access 

3. comprehensive land reforms aimed at economic equality and the empowerment of marginalised communities 

The commercialisation of Ramadan refers to the trend where the cultural and religious aspects of the holy month are increasingly used to promote and sell products and services.

The 'reasonable sustainability standard' outlines the standards a company should meet in the production of a good or the supply of a process to be considered environmentally sustainable e.g. meaningful attempts at carbon neutrality sustainable agricultural and forestry practices or sustainable manufacturing practices for example resource extraction.

Tomorrow, a group of aliens on a diplomatic exploration mission will reveal themselves to earth. With their brief understanding of Earthling politics, they have decided to choose a representative from the UN General Assembly to bring aboard their ship to act as a diplomat for humanity. The selected person will be asked to recount the state of the world and advocate for humanity from their perspective, and the aliens will use this knowledge to decide whether humanity is worth pursuing peaceful interplanetary relations with.

For the purpose of this debate, The AVM Treaty proposes a continental framework wherein the African Union possesses the authority to supervise, regulate, and control extraction industries (such as oil, gas, and minerals) across African nations.